Talking Business - A.M.D. and Its War With Intel

A.M.D. and Its War With = Intel=20

A few weeks ago, Stephen Labaton of The New York Times broke the news = that=20 the Federal Trade Commission had decided to open a formal antitrust=20 investigation into Intel,=20 the world=92s dominant maker of microprocessors. Subpoenas had gone out = not just=20 to Intel, but to many of the computer manufacturers who rely on Intel = chips. The=20 investigation, as Mr. Labaton wrote, was going to revolve around = =93accusations=20 that Intel=92s pricing is intended to maintain a near monopoly on the=20 microprocessor market.=94

The chief accuser, of course, was Intel=92s main (some would say = only) rival,=20 Advanced=20 Micro Devices. I say =93of course=94 because I can scarcely remember = a time when=20 A.M.D. hasn=92t been complaining about Intel=92s supposed predatory = behavior. But I=20 can also recall the company=92s many missteps and execution failures = over the=20 years, which have tended to undercut its claims. It was always a little = hard to=20 swallow A.M.D.=92s argument that it was being hurt by Intel=92s = anticompetitive=20 practices when it had such a long history of snatching defeat from the = jaws of=20 victory.

In recent years, however, two things have happened. First, in 2003, = A.M.D.=20 came out with a chip called Opteron, which was far superior to anything = Intel=20 had on the market. Indeed, this was one of the few times that Intel was = the=20 company stubbing its toe; it took a year before it had a competitive = chip.=20 What=92s more, the Opteron was aimed at the highly profitable server = market, which=20 has long been Intel=92s domain. It is fair to say that Intel was none = too happy=20 with this state of affairs, and it wasn=92t too long before A.M.D. was = complaining=20 that Intel was cutting deals to keep computer makers from straying, even = though=20 many of them wanted to use the Opteron.

Which perhaps explains the second thing that happened: A.M.D.=92s = accusations=20 finally began to gain some traction. In 2005, after a lengthy = investigation,=20 Japan=92s Fair Trade Commission asserted that Intel had violated the = country=92s=20 antitrust laws by, in effect, paying Japanese computer manufacturers to = limit=20 their business with A.M.D. That same year, A.M.D. sued Intel in federal = court,=20 charging predatory pricing; the case is scheduled to be tried in = February 2010.=20 Meanwhile, the European=20 Commission began looking into Intel=92s pricing practices; it has = since made=20 several preliminary rulings that don=92t bode well for the chip giant. = And in=20 South Korea this month, Intel was fined $25.4 million for giving rebates = to two=20 South Korean computer manufacturers, which had the effect of = =93excluding=94 A.M.D.,=20 according to the Korea Fair Trade Commission. Intel has said it will = appeal.=20 (The New York attorney general, Andrew=20 Cuomo, has also started an investigation, but he=92s just piling = on.)

With all this ferment, it was probably inevitable that the F.T.C. = would=20 follow suit. If the rest of the world is busy imposing sanctions on = Intel for=20 abusing its monopoly power, it hardly looks good for the nation=92s = chief=20 antitrust enforcer to be sitting on its hands.

When I made some inquiries this week, the strong sense I got was that = the=20 commissioners wanted to get to the bottom of the Intel accusations once = and for=20 all, and needed subpoena power to gather all the evidence they needed. =

But in antitrust, the notion of =93getting to the bottom of it=94 is = notoriously=20 squishy, and this case is squishier than most. There is no question that = Intel=20 offers large discounts to its big customers, along with rebates, = quarterly=20 marketing dollars and other goodies. Because those discounts are = directly=20 related to how much business a manufacturer gives to Intel, it = necessarily has=20 the effect of excluding A.M.D.=97since it=92s the only other company = competing for=20 the business.

Is that predatory behavior? Or is that good old-fashioned = competition? What=20 makes antitrust so maddening is that the answer depends as much on who = is asking=20 the question =97 and where =97 as it does on the evidence.

=95

Let=92s start with a simple question: Are discounts good or bad? When = I put it=20 like that, the answer is obvious: discounts are clearly good. They allow = consumers to buy things at lower prices. Indeed, price competition is at = the=20 very heart of free-market capitalism, and it is the natural result of=20 competition. It=92s what we as a society want companies to do.

For as long as we=92ve had antitrust laws in the United States, = predatory=20 pricing =97 pricing intended solely to prevent a rival from being able = to compete=20 =97 has been against the law. After all, if a big company drops its = prices on a=20 short-term basis to drive a smaller rival out of business =97 and then = can raise=20 prices with impunity because it has eradicated its competitor =97 = consumers are=20 ultimately harmed by the price cuts.

But our definition of predatory pricing has tended to vary over time. = In the=20 1950s and 1960s, United States antitrust enforcers =97 and the courts = =97 tended to=20 view many forms of discounting as predatory. One sorry result was that = actions=20 that actually helped consumers were considered illegal practices.

But in the 1970s, that all changed, as legal scholars argued = persuasively=20 that anticompetitive behavior had to be defined in more rigorously = economic=20 terms, and that there needed to be a high standard of proof that = monopolistic=20 behavior was harming consumers. This became known as the Chicago School = of=20 antitrust theory, and in time, the courts embraced many of its = theories.

One consequence is that today, it is almost impossible to bring a = discounting=20 case, even if it has exclusionary consequences. It is presumed by the = courts=20 that discounting benefits consumers. The only form of discounting that = is now=20 viewed by the courts as proof of predatory behavior is pricing below = cost. When=20 I spoke to Robert E. Cooper, a lawyer at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, = who is=20 representing Intel, he cited a series of Supreme=20 Court cases, going back 20 years, that has come down in favor of = discounting=20 =97 even enormous discounts based on market share, which have the effect = of=20 excluding rivals. Intel insists that it doesn=92t price below cost, and = given the=20 nature of these things =97 selling in huge volume brings Intel=92s own = costs down,=20 thanks to economies of scale =97 it will be almost impossible to prove=20 otherwise.

Does this mean that Intel is all warm and fuzzy when it is = negotiating with=20 the big computer manufacturers? Not remotely. Roger Kay, the president = of=20 Endpoint Technology Associates, and a very close observer of the = Intel-A.M.D.=20 wars, laid out a scenario to me that he thought likely. A computer = manufacturer=20 sees its market share declining. When it comes time to negotiate a new=20 microprocessor contract with Intel, it is told that its volume has = diminished so=20 much that it can not longer get the same big discounts it has come to = depend on=20 for its own profits. But, the Intel salesman adds, if the company is = willing to=20 shift more business to Intel, and increase the volume a little, it will = still=20 get the discount. Naturally, the company agrees.

Indeed, Mr. Kay says he believes this is precisely what happened in = Japan,=20 where the two companies that abandoned A.M.D. completely were Toshiba = and Sony=20 =97 which were both losing market share to competitors. =93Thus,=94 he = wrote me in an=20 e-mail message, =93Intel can claim it is doing nothing wrong and A.M.D. = can claim=20 its options are being foreclosed, and in a sense, they=92re both = right.=94

One reason A.M.D. has had more success pressing its case abroad than = in the=20 United States is that in many places in the world, the reigning = antitrust view=20 is what=92s called the post-Chicago School, which holds that there are = times when=20 pricing above cost can still constitute predatory behavior. Indeed, the = European=20 Commission tends to put far more emphasis on competition than on = consumers, and=20 views with suspicion companies with oversize market share, like = Intel

But what happens if the commission rules against Intel =97 as seems = likely =97=20 but the F.T.C. and the United States courts rule in favor of the = company? That=92s=20 what happens these days with mergers that need government approval =97 = Europe has=20 turned thumbs down on a number of mergers involving two American = companies, and=20 as a result they haven=92t gone through. The world economy really = won=92t function=20 very well if multinational companies have to dance between dueling = regulators.=20 Either we need to adopt their standards, or they need to adopt ours. The = Intel-A.M.D. shows, if nothing else, how untenable the current state of = play is=20 in antitrust.

Despite its recent investigation, the F.T.C. has long been reluctant = to=20 pursue a formal investigation against Intel; I hear that even now many = of its=20 economists simply do not believe that Intel=92s policies amount to = predatory=20 pricing. But there is one other reason why A.M.D. faces an uphill = struggle=20 pressing its case in the United States. Its own market share numbers = don=92t seem=20 to back up its contention that Intel is preventing it from competing. = According=20 to data provided to me by Ashok Kumar, a well-known technology analyst = with CRT=20 Capital Group, A.M.D.=92s overall market share in microprocessors was 17 = percent=20 in March 2005. By December 2006, it had risen to 25 percent. Today it = has sunk=20 back to 20 percent.

The rise in market share is directly attributable to A.M.D. having = strong=20 products like the Opteron. But then Intel came roaring back, = leap-frogging=20 A.M.D.=92s technology. Meanwhile, the smaller company=92s latest = high-end chip,=20 code-named Barcelona, has been delayed when a flaw was discovered in it. = A.M.D.=20 has lost money for six quarters in a row.

Apparently, some things never change.

E-mail:=20 nocera@nytimes.com

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div.childNodes[0].nodeValue : '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toQueryParams: function() {=0A= var pairs =3D this.match(/^\??(.*)$/)[1].split('&');=0A= return pairs.inject({}, function(params, pairString) {=0A= var pair =3D pairString.split('=3D');=0A= params[pair[0]] =3D pair[1];=0A= return params;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= toArray: function() {=0A= return this.split('');=0A= },=0A= =0A= camelize: function() {=0A= var oStringList =3D this.split('-');=0A= if (oStringList.length =3D=3D 1) return oStringList[0];=0A= =0A= var camelizedString =3D this.indexOf('-') =3D=3D 0=0A= ? oStringList[0].charAt(0).toUpperCase() + = oStringList[0].substring(1)=0A= : oStringList[0];=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 1, len =3D oStringList.length; i < len; i++) {=0A= var s =3D oStringList[i];=0A= camelizedString +=3D s.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + s.substring(1);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return camelizedString;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return "'" + this.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", '\\\'') + "'";=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= String.prototype.parseQuery =3D String.prototype.toQueryParams;=0A= =0A= var $break =3D new Object();=0A= var $continue =3D new Object();=0A= =0A= var Enumerable =3D {=0A= each: function(iterator) {=0A= var index =3D 0;=0A= try {=0A= this._each(function(value) {=0A= try {=0A= iterator(value, index++);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= if (e !=3D $continue) throw e;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= if (e !=3D $break) throw e;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= all: function(iterator) {=0A= var result =3D true;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= result =3D result && !!(iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index);=0A= if (!result) throw $break;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= any: function(iterator) {=0A= var result =3D true;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (result =3D !!(iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index))=0A= throw $break;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= collect: function(iterator) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= results.push(iterator(value, index));=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= detect: function (iterator) {=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (iterator(value, index)) {=0A= result =3D value;=0A= throw $break;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= findAll: function(iterator) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (iterator(value, index))=0A= results.push(value);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= grep: function(pattern, iterator) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= var stringValue =3D value.toString();=0A= if (stringValue.match(pattern))=0A= results.push((iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index));=0A= })=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= include: function(object) {=0A= var found =3D false;=0A= this.each(function(value) {=0A= if (value =3D=3D object) {=0A= found =3D true;=0A= throw $break;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= return found;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inject: function(memo, iterator) {=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= memo =3D iterator(memo, value, index);=0A= });=0A= return memo;=0A= },=0A= =0A= invoke: function(method) {=0A= var args =3D $A(arguments).slice(1);=0A= return this.collect(function(value) {=0A= return value[method].apply(value, args);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= max: function(iterator) {=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= value =3D (iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index);=0A= if (value >=3D (result || value))=0A= result =3D value;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= min: function(iterator) {=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= value =3D (iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index);=0A= if (value <=3D (result || value))=0A= result =3D value;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= partition: function(iterator) {=0A= var trues =3D [], falses =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= ((iterator || Prototype.K)(value, index) ?=0A= trues : falses).push(value);=0A= });=0A= return [trues, falses];=0A= },=0A= =0A= pluck: function(property) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= results.push(value[property]);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= reject: function(iterator) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (!iterator(value, index))=0A= results.push(value);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= sortBy: function(iterator) {=0A= return this.collect(function(value, index) {=0A= return {value: value, criteria: iterator(value, index)};=0A= }).sort(function(left, right) {=0A= var a =3D left.criteria, b =3D right.criteria;=0A= return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;=0A= }).pluck('value');=0A= },=0A= =0A= toArray: function() {=0A= return this.collect(Prototype.K);=0A= },=0A= =0A= zip: function() {=0A= var iterator =3D Prototype.K, args =3D $A(arguments);=0A= if (typeof args.last() =3D=3D 'function')=0A= iterator =3D args.pop();=0A= =0A= var collections =3D [this].concat(args).map($A);=0A= return this.map(function(value, index) {=0A= iterator(value =3D collections.pluck(index));=0A= return value;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '#';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Enumerable, {=0A= map: Enumerable.collect,=0A= find: Enumerable.detect,=0A= select: Enumerable.findAll,=0A= member: Enumerable.include,=0A= entries: Enumerable.toArray=0A= });=0A= var $A =3D Array.from =3D function(iterable) {=0A= if (!iterable) return [];=0A= if (iterable.toArray) {=0A= return iterable.toArray();=0A= } else {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < iterable.length; i++)=0A= results.push(iterable[i]);=0A= return results;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Array.prototype, Enumerable);=0A= =0A= Array.prototype._reverse =3D Array.prototype.reverse;=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Array.prototype, {=0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this.length; i++)=0A= iterator(this[i]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= clear: function() {=0A= this.length =3D 0;=0A= return this;=0A= },=0A= =0A= first: function() {=0A= return this[0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= last: function() {=0A= return this[this.length - 1];=0A= },=0A= =0A= compact: function() {=0A= return this.select(function(value) {=0A= return value !=3D undefined || value !=3D null;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= flatten: function() {=0A= return this.inject([], function(array, value) {=0A= return array.concat(value.constructor =3D=3D Array ?=0A= value.flatten() : [value]);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= without: function() {=0A= var values =3D $A(arguments);=0A= return this.select(function(value) {=0A= return !values.include(value);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= indexOf: function(object) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this.length; i++)=0A= if (this[i] =3D=3D object) return i;=0A= return -1;=0A= },=0A= =0A= reverse: function(inline) {=0A= return (inline !=3D=3D false ? this : this.toArray())._reverse();=0A= },=0A= =0A= shift: function() {=0A= var result =3D this[0];=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this.length - 1; i++)=0A= this[i] =3D this[i + 1];=0A= this.length--;=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '[' + this.map(Object.inspect).join(', ') + ']';=0A= }=0A= });=0A= var Hash =3D {=0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= for (key in this) {=0A= var value =3D this[key];=0A= if (typeof value =3D=3D 'function') continue;=0A= =0A= var pair =3D [key, value];=0A= pair.key =3D key;=0A= pair.value =3D value;=0A= iterator(pair);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= keys: function() {=0A= return this.pluck('key');=0A= },=0A= =0A= values: function() {=0A= return this.pluck('value');=0A= },=0A= =0A= merge: function(hash) {=0A= return $H(hash).inject($H(this), function(mergedHash, pair) {=0A= mergedHash[pair.key] =3D pair.value;=0A= return mergedHash;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= toQueryString: function() {=0A= return this.map(function(pair) {=0A= return pair.map(encodeURIComponent).join('=3D');=0A= }).join('&');=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '#';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function $H(object) {=0A= var hash =3D Object.extend({}, object || {});=0A= Object.extend(hash, Enumerable);=0A= Object.extend(hash, Hash);=0A= return hash;=0A= }=0A= ObjectRange =3D Class.create();=0A= Object.extend(ObjectRange.prototype, Enumerable);=0A= Object.extend(ObjectRange.prototype, {=0A= initialize: function(start, end, exclusive) {=0A= this.start =3D start;=0A= this.end =3D end;=0A= this.exclusive =3D exclusive;=0A= },=0A= =0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= var value =3D this.start;=0A= do {=0A= iterator(value);=0A= value =3D value.succ();=0A= } while (this.include(value));=0A= },=0A= =0A= include: function(value) {=0A= if (value < this.start)=0A= return false;=0A= if (this.exclusive)=0A= return value < this.end;=0A= return value <=3D this.end;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= var $R =3D function(start, end, exclusive) {=0A= return new ObjectRange(start, end, exclusive);=0A= }=0A= =0A= var Ajax =3D {=0A= getTransport: function() {=0A= return Try.these(=0A= function() {return new ActiveXObject('Msxml2.XMLHTTP')},=0A= function() {return new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP')},=0A= function() {return new XMLHttpRequest()}=0A= ) || false;=0A= },=0A= =0A= activeRequestCount: 0=0A= }=0A= =0A= Ajax.Responders =3D {=0A= responders: [],=0A= =0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= this.responders._each(iterator);=0A= },=0A= =0A= register: function(responderToAdd) {=0A= if (!this.include(responderToAdd))=0A= this.responders.push(responderToAdd);=0A= },=0A= =0A= unregister: function(responderToRemove) {=0A= this.responders =3D this.responders.without(responderToRemove);=0A= },=0A= =0A= dispatch: function(callback, request, transport, json) {=0A= this.each(function(responder) {=0A= if (responder[callback] && typeof responder[callback] =3D=3D = 'function') {=0A= try {=0A= responder[callback].apply(responder, [request, transport, = json]);=0A= } catch (e) {}=0A= }=0A= });=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Ajax.Responders, Enumerable);=0A= =0A= Ajax.Responders.register({=0A= onCreate: function() {=0A= Ajax.activeRequestCount++;=0A= },=0A= =0A= onComplete: function() {=0A= Ajax.activeRequestCount--;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Base =3D function() {};=0A= Ajax.Base.prototype =3D {=0A= setOptions: function(options) {=0A= this.options =3D {=0A= method: 'post',=0A= asynchronous: true,=0A= parameters: ''=0A= }=0A= Object.extend(this.options, options || {});=0A= },=0A= =0A= responseIsSuccess: function() {=0A= return this.transport.status =3D=3D undefined=0A= || this.transport.status =3D=3D 0=0A= || (this.transport.status >=3D 200 && this.transport.status < = 300);=0A= },=0A= =0A= responseIsFailure: function() {=0A= return !this.responseIsSuccess();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Ajax.Request =3D Class.create();=0A= Ajax.Request.Events =3D=0A= ['Uninitialized', 'Loading', 'Loaded', 'Interactive', 'Complete'];=0A= =0A= Ajax.Request.prototype =3D Object.extend(new Ajax.Base(), {=0A= initialize: function(url, options) {=0A= this.transport =3D Ajax.getTransport();=0A= this.setOptions(options);=0A= this.request(url);=0A= },=0A= =0A= request: function(url) {=0A= var parameters =3D this.options.parameters || '';=0A= if (parameters.length > 0) parameters +=3D '&_=3D';=0A= =0A= try {=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= if (this.options.method =3D=3D 'get' && parameters.length > 0)=0A= this.url +=3D (this.url.match(/\?/) ? '&' : '?') + parameters;=0A= =0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onCreate', this, this.transport);=0A= =0A= this.transport.open(this.options.method, this.url,=0A= this.options.asynchronous);=0A= =0A= if (this.options.asynchronous) {=0A= this.transport.onreadystatechange =3D = this.onStateChange.bind(this);=0A= setTimeout((function() = {this.respondToReadyState(1)}).bind(this), 10);=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.setRequestHeaders();=0A= =0A= var body =3D this.options.postBody ? this.options.postBody : = parameters;=0A= this.transport.send(this.options.method =3D=3D 'post' ? body : = null);=0A= =0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= setRequestHeaders: function() {=0A= var requestHeaders =3D=0A= ['X-Requested-With', 'XMLHttpRequest',=0A= 'X-Prototype-Version', Prototype.Version];=0A= =0A= if (this.options.method =3D=3D 'post') {=0A= requestHeaders.push('Content-type',=0A= 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');=0A= =0A= /* Force "Connection: close" for Mozilla browsers to work around=0A= * a bug where XMLHttpReqeuest sends an incorrect Content-length=0A= * header. See Mozilla Bugzilla #246651.=0A= */=0A= if (this.transport.overrideMimeType)=0A= requestHeaders.push('Connection', 'close');=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (this.options.requestHeaders)=0A= requestHeaders.push.apply(requestHeaders, = this.options.requestHeaders);=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < requestHeaders.length; i +=3D 2)=0A= this.transport.setRequestHeader(requestHeaders[i], = requestHeaders[i+1]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onStateChange: function() {=0A= var readyState =3D this.transport.readyState;=0A= if (readyState !=3D 1)=0A= this.respondToReadyState(this.transport.readyState);=0A= },=0A= =0A= header: function(name) {=0A= try {=0A= return this.transport.getResponseHeader(name);=0A= } catch (e) {}=0A= },=0A= =0A= evalJSON: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return eval(this.header('X-JSON'));=0A= } catch (e) {}=0A= },=0A= =0A= evalResponse: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return eval(this.transport.responseText);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= respondToReadyState: function(readyState) {=0A= var event =3D Ajax.Request.Events[readyState];=0A= var transport =3D this.transport, json =3D this.evalJSON();=0A= =0A= if (event =3D=3D 'Complete') {=0A= try {=0A= (this.options['on' + this.transport.status]=0A= || this.options['on' + (this.responseIsSuccess() ? 'Success' : = 'Failure')]=0A= || Prototype.emptyFunction)(transport, json);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if ((this.header('Content-type') || = '').match(/^text\/javascript/i))=0A= this.evalResponse();=0A= }=0A= =0A= try {=0A= (this.options['on' + event] || Prototype.emptyFunction)(transport, = json);=0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('on' + event, this, transport, json);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Avoid memory leak in MSIE: clean up the oncomplete event handler = */=0A= if (event =3D=3D 'Complete')=0A= this.transport.onreadystatechange =3D Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= },=0A= =0A= dispatchException: function(exception) {=0A= (this.options.onException || Prototype.emptyFunction)(this, = exception);=0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onException', this, exception);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Updater =3D Class.create();=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Object.extend(Ajax.Updater.prototype, = Ajax.Request.prototype), {=0A= initialize: function(container, url, options) {=0A= this.containers =3D {=0A= success: container.success ? $(container.success) : $(container),=0A= failure: container.failure ? $(container.failure) :=0A= (container.success ? null : $(container))=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.transport =3D Ajax.getTransport();=0A= this.setOptions(options);=0A= =0A= var onComplete =3D this.options.onComplete || = Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= this.options.onComplete =3D (function(transport, object) {=0A= this.updateContent();=0A= onComplete(transport, object);=0A= }).bind(this);=0A= =0A= this.request(url);=0A= },=0A= =0A= updateContent: function() {=0A= var receiver =3D this.responseIsSuccess() ?=0A= this.containers.success : this.containers.failure;=0A= var response =3D this.transport.responseText;=0A= =0A= if (!this.options.evalScripts)=0A= response =3D response.stripScripts();=0A= =0A= if (receiver) {=0A= if (this.options.insertion) {=0A= new this.options.insertion(receiver, response);=0A= } else {=0A= Element.update(receiver, response);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (this.responseIsSuccess()) {=0A= if (this.onComplete)=0A= setTimeout(this.onComplete.bind(this), 10);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater =3D Class.create();=0A= Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater.prototype =3D Object.extend(new Ajax.Base(), {=0A= initialize: function(container, url, options) {=0A= this.setOptions(options);=0A= this.onComplete =3D this.options.onComplete;=0A= =0A= this.frequency =3D (this.options.frequency || 2);=0A= this.decay =3D (this.options.decay || 1);=0A= =0A= this.updater =3D {};=0A= this.container =3D container;=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= =0A= this.start();=0A= },=0A= =0A= start: function() {=0A= this.options.onComplete =3D this.updateComplete.bind(this);=0A= this.onTimerEvent();=0A= },=0A= =0A= stop: function() {=0A= this.updater.onComplete =3D undefined;=0A= clearTimeout(this.timer);=0A= (this.onComplete || Prototype.emptyFunction).apply(this, arguments);=0A= },=0A= =0A= updateComplete: function(request) {=0A= if (this.options.decay) {=0A= this.decay =3D (request.responseText =3D=3D this.lastText ?=0A= this.decay * this.options.decay : 1);=0A= =0A= this.lastText =3D request.responseText;=0A= }=0A= this.timer =3D setTimeout(this.onTimerEvent.bind(this),=0A= this.decay * this.frequency * 1000);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onTimerEvent: function() {=0A= this.updater =3D new Ajax.Updater(this.container, this.url, = this.options);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= document.getElementsByClassName =3D function(className, parentElement) {=0A= var children =3D ($(parentElement) || = document.body).getElementsByTagName('*');=0A= return $A(children).inject([], function(elements, child) {=0A= if (child.className.match(new RegExp("(^|\\s)" + className + = "(\\s|$)")))=0A= elements.push(child);=0A= return elements;=0A= });=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= if (!window.Element) {=0A= var Element =3D new Object();=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Element, {=0A= visible: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).style.display !=3D 'none';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toggle: function() {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D $(arguments[i]);=0A= Element[Element.visible(element) ? 'hide' : 'show'](element);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= hide: function() {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D $(arguments[i]);=0A= element.style.display =3D 'none';=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= show: function() {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D $(arguments[i]);=0A= element.style.display =3D '';=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= remove: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.parentNode.removeChild(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= update: function(element, html) {=0A= $(element).innerHTML =3D html.stripScripts();=0A= setTimeout(function() {html.evalScripts()}, 10);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getHeight: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= return element.offsetHeight;=0A= },=0A= =0A= classNames: function(element) {=0A= return new Element.ClassNames(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= hasClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= return Element.classNames(element).include(className);=0A= },=0A= =0A= addClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= return Element.classNames(element).add(className);=0A= },=0A= =0A= removeClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= return Element.classNames(element).remove(className);=0A= },=0A= =0A= // removes whitespace-only text node children=0A= cleanWhitespace: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < element.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= var node =3D element.childNodes[i];=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 3 && !/\S/.test(node.nodeValue))=0A= Element.remove(node);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= empty: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).innerHTML.match(/^\s*$/);=0A= },=0A= =0A= scrollTo: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var x =3D element.x ? element.x : element.offsetLeft,=0A= y =3D element.y ? element.y : element.offsetTop;=0A= window.scrollTo(x, y);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getStyle: function(element, style) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var value =3D element.style[style.camelize()];=0A= if (!value) {=0A= if (document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle) = {=0A= var css =3D document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(element, null);=0A= value =3D css ? css.getPropertyValue(style) : null;=0A= } else if (element.currentStyle) {=0A= value =3D element.currentStyle[style.camelize()];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (window.opera && ['left', 'top', 'right', = 'bottom'].include(style))=0A= if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') =3D=3D 'static') value = =3D 'auto';=0A= =0A= return value =3D=3D 'auto' ? null : value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= setStyle: function(element, style) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= for (name in style)=0A= element.style[name.camelize()] =3D style[name];=0A= },=0A= =0A= getDimensions: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (Element.getStyle(element, 'display') !=3D 'none')=0A= return {width: element.offsetWidth, height: element.offsetHeight};=0A= =0A= // All *Width and *Height properties give 0 on elements with display = none,=0A= // so enable the element temporarily=0A= var els =3D element.style;=0A= var originalVisibility =3D els.visibility;=0A= var originalPosition =3D els.position;=0A= els.visibility =3D 'hidden';=0A= els.position =3D 'absolute';=0A= els.display =3D '';=0A= var originalWidth =3D element.clientWidth;=0A= var originalHeight =3D element.clientHeight;=0A= els.display =3D 'none';=0A= els.position =3D originalPosition;=0A= els.visibility =3D originalVisibility;=0A= return {width: originalWidth, height: originalHeight};=0A= },=0A= =0A= makePositioned: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var pos =3D Element.getStyle(element, 'position');=0A= if (pos =3D=3D 'static' || !pos) {=0A= element._madePositioned =3D true;=0A= element.style.position =3D 'relative';=0A= // Opera returns the offset relative to the positioning context, = when an=0A= // element is position relative but top and left have not been = defined=0A= if (window.opera) {=0A= element.style.top =3D 0;=0A= element.style.left =3D 0;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= undoPositioned: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element._madePositioned) {=0A= element._madePositioned =3D undefined;=0A= element.style.position =3D=0A= element.style.top =3D=0A= element.style.left =3D=0A= element.style.bottom =3D=0A= element.style.right =3D '';=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= makeClipping: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element._overflow) return;=0A= element._overflow =3D element.style.overflow;=0A= if ((Element.getStyle(element, 'overflow') || 'visible') !=3D = 'hidden')=0A= element.style.overflow =3D 'hidden';=0A= },=0A= =0A= undoClipping: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element._overflow) return;=0A= element.style.overflow =3D element._overflow;=0A= element._overflow =3D undefined;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= var Toggle =3D new Object();=0A= Toggle.display =3D Element.toggle;=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Abstract.Insertion =3D function(adjacency) {=0A= this.adjacency =3D adjacency;=0A= }=0A= =0A= Abstract.Insertion.prototype =3D {=0A= initialize: function(element, content) {=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= this.content =3D content.stripScripts();=0A= =0A= if (this.adjacency && this.element.insertAdjacentHTML) {=0A= try {=0A= this.element.insertAdjacentHTML(this.adjacency, this.content);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= if (this.element.tagName.toLowerCase() =3D=3D 'tbody') {=0A= this.insertContent(this.contentFromAnonymousTable());=0A= } else {=0A= throw e;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= this.range =3D this.element.ownerDocument.createRange();=0A= if (this.initializeRange) this.initializeRange();=0A= = this.insertContent([this.range.createContextualFragment(this.content)]);=0A= }=0A= =0A= setTimeout(function() {content.evalScripts()}, 10);=0A= },=0A= =0A= contentFromAnonymousTable: function() {=0A= var div =3D document.createElement('div');=0A= div.innerHTML =3D '' + this.content + = '

';=0A= return $A(div.childNodes[0].childNodes[0].childNodes);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= var Insertion =3D new Object();=0A= =0A= Insertion.Before =3D Class.create();=0A= Insertion.Before.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.Insertion('beforeBegin'), {=0A= initializeRange: function() {=0A= this.range.setStartBefore(this.element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= insertContent: function(fragments) {=0A= fragments.each((function(fragment) {=0A= this.element.parentNode.insertBefore(fragment, this.element);=0A= }).bind(this));=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Insertion.Top =3D Class.create();=0A= Insertion.Top.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.Insertion('afterBegin'), {=0A= initializeRange: function() {=0A= this.range.selectNodeContents(this.element);=0A= this.range.collapse(true);=0A= },=0A= =0A= insertContent: function(fragments) {=0A= fragments.reverse(false).each((function(fragment) {=0A= this.element.insertBefore(fragment, this.element.firstChild);=0A= }).bind(this));=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Insertion.Bottom =3D Class.create();=0A= Insertion.Bottom.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.Insertion('beforeEnd'), {=0A= initializeRange: function() {=0A= this.range.selectNodeContents(this.element);=0A= this.range.collapse(this.element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= insertContent: function(fragments) {=0A= fragments.each((function(fragment) {=0A= this.element.appendChild(fragment);=0A= }).bind(this));=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Insertion.After =3D Class.create();=0A= Insertion.After.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.Insertion('afterEnd'), {=0A= initializeRange: function() {=0A= this.range.setStartAfter(this.element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= insertContent: function(fragments) {=0A= fragments.each((function(fragment) {=0A= this.element.parentNode.insertBefore(fragment,=0A= this.element.nextSibling);=0A= }).bind(this));=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Element.ClassNames =3D Class.create();=0A= Element.ClassNames.prototype =3D {=0A= initialize: function(element) {=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= this.element.className.split(/\s+/).select(function(name) {=0A= return name.length > 0;=0A= })._each(iterator);=0A= },=0A= =0A= set: function(className) {=0A= this.element.className =3D className;=0A= },=0A= =0A= add: function(classNameToAdd) {=0A= if (this.include(classNameToAdd)) return;=0A= this.set(this.toArray().concat(classNameToAdd).join(' '));=0A= },=0A= =0A= remove: function(classNameToRemove) {=0A= if (!this.include(classNameToRemove)) return;=0A= this.set(this.select(function(className) {=0A= return className !=3D classNameToRemove;=0A= }).join(' '));=0A= },=0A= =0A= toString: function() {=0A= return this.toArray().join(' ');=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Element.ClassNames.prototype, Enumerable);=0A= var Field =3D {=0A= clear: function() {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < arguments.length; i++)=0A= $(arguments[i]).value =3D '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= focus: function(element) {=0A= $(element).focus();=0A= },=0A= =0A= present: function() {=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < arguments.length; i++)=0A= if ($(arguments[i]).value =3D=3D '') return false;=0A= return true;=0A= },=0A= =0A= select: function(element) {=0A= $(element).select();=0A= },=0A= =0A= activate: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.focus();=0A= if (element.select)=0A= element.select();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= var Form =3D {=0A= serialize: function(form) {=0A= var elements =3D Form.getElements($(form));=0A= var queryComponents =3D new Array();=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++) {=0A= var queryComponent =3D Form.Element.serialize(elements[i]);=0A= if (queryComponent)=0A= queryComponents.push(queryComponent);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return queryComponents.join('&');=0A= },=0A= =0A= getElements: function(form) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= var elements =3D new Array();=0A= =0A= for (tagName in Form.Element.Serializers) {=0A= var tagElements =3D form.getElementsByTagName(tagName);=0A= for (var j =3D 0; j < tagElements.length; j++)=0A= elements.push(tagElements[j]);=0A= }=0A= return elements;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getInputs: function(form, typeName, name) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= var inputs =3D form.getElementsByTagName('input');=0A= =0A= if (!typeName && !name)=0A= return inputs;=0A= =0A= var matchingInputs =3D new Array();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {=0A= var input =3D inputs[i];=0A= if ((typeName && input.type !=3D typeName) ||=0A= (name && input.name !=3D name))=0A= continue;=0A= matchingInputs.push(input);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return matchingInputs;=0A= },=0A= =0A= disable: function(form) {=0A= var elements =3D Form.getElements(form);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D elements[i];=0A= element.blur();=0A= element.disabled =3D 'true';=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= enable: function(form) {=0A= var elements =3D Form.getElements(form);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D elements[i];=0A= element.disabled =3D '';=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= findFirstElement: function(form) {=0A= return Form.getElements(form).find(function(element) {=0A= return element.type !=3D 'hidden' && !element.disabled &&=0A= ['input', 'select', = 'textarea'].include(element.tagName.toLowerCase());=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= focusFirstElement: function(form) {=0A= Field.activate(Form.findFirstElement(form));=0A= },=0A= =0A= reset: function(form) {=0A= $(form).reset();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Form.Element =3D {=0A= serialize: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var method =3D element.tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= var parameter =3D Form.Element.Serializers[method](element);=0A= =0A= if (parameter) {=0A= var key =3D encodeURIComponent(parameter[0]);=0A= if (key.length =3D=3D 0) return;=0A= =0A= if (parameter[1].constructor !=3D Array)=0A= parameter[1] =3D [parameter[1]];=0A= =0A= return parameter[1].map(function(value) {=0A= return key + '=3D' + encodeURIComponent(value);=0A= }).join('&');=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= getValue: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var method =3D element.tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= var parameter =3D Form.Element.Serializers[method](element);=0A= =0A= if (parameter)=0A= return parameter[1];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Form.Element.Serializers =3D {=0A= input: function(element) {=0A= switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'submit':=0A= case 'hidden':=0A= case 'password':=0A= case 'text':=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers.textarea(element);=0A= case 'checkbox':=0A= case 'radio':=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers.inputSelector(element);=0A= }=0A= return false;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inputSelector: function(element) {=0A= if (element.checked)=0A= return [element.name, element.value];=0A= },=0A= =0A= textarea: function(element) {=0A= return [element.name, element.value];=0A= },=0A= =0A= select: function(element) {=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers[element.type =3D=3D 'select-one' ?=0A= 'selectOne' : 'selectMany'](element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= selectOne: function(element) {=0A= var value =3D '', opt, index =3D element.selectedIndex;=0A= if (index >=3D 0) {=0A= opt =3D element.options[index];=0A= value =3D opt.value;=0A= if (!value && !('value' in opt))=0A= value =3D opt.text;=0A= }=0A= return [element.name, value];=0A= },=0A= =0A= selectMany: function(element) {=0A= var value =3D new Array();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < element.length; i++) {=0A= var opt =3D element.options[i];=0A= if (opt.selected) {=0A= var optValue =3D opt.value;=0A= if (!optValue && !('value' in opt))=0A= optValue =3D opt.text;=0A= value.push(optValue);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return [element.name, value];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= var $F =3D Form.Element.getValue;=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Abstract.TimedObserver =3D function() {}=0A= Abstract.TimedObserver.prototype =3D {=0A= initialize: function(element, frequency, callback) {=0A= this.frequency =3D frequency;=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= this.callback =3D callback;=0A= =0A= this.lastValue =3D this.getValue();=0A= this.registerCallback();=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerCallback: function() {=0A= setInterval(this.onTimerEvent.bind(this), this.frequency * 1000);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onTimerEvent: function() {=0A= var value =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (this.lastValue !=3D value) {=0A= this.callback(this.element, value);=0A= this.lastValue =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Form.Element.Observer =3D Class.create();=0A= Form.Element.Observer.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.TimedObserver(), {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.Observer =3D Class.create();=0A= Form.Observer.prototype =3D Object.extend(new Abstract.TimedObserver(), {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.serialize(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Abstract.EventObserver =3D function() {}=0A= Abstract.EventObserver.prototype =3D {=0A= initialize: function(element, callback) {=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= this.callback =3D callback;=0A= =0A= this.lastValue =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (this.element.tagName.toLowerCase() =3D=3D 'form')=0A= this.registerFormCallbacks();=0A= else=0A= this.registerCallback(this.element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onElementEvent: function() {=0A= var value =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (this.lastValue !=3D value) {=0A= this.callback(this.element, value);=0A= this.lastValue =3D value;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerFormCallbacks: function() {=0A= var elements =3D Form.getElements(this.element);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++)=0A= this.registerCallback(elements[i]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerCallback: function(element) {=0A= if (element.type) {=0A= switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'checkbox':=0A= case 'radio':=0A= Event.observe(element, 'click', = this.onElementEvent.bind(this));=0A= break;=0A= case 'password':=0A= case 'text':=0A= case 'textarea':=0A= case 'select-one':=0A= case 'select-multiple':=0A= Event.observe(element, 'change', = this.onElementEvent.bind(this));=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Form.Element.EventObserver =3D Class.create();=0A= Form.Element.EventObserver.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.EventObserver(), {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.EventObserver =3D Class.create();=0A= Form.EventObserver.prototype =3D Object.extend(new = Abstract.EventObserver(), {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.serialize(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= if (!window.Event) {=0A= var Event =3D new Object();=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Event, {=0A= KEY_BACKSPACE: 8,=0A= KEY_TAB: 9,=0A= KEY_RETURN: 13,=0A= KEY_ESC: 27,=0A= KEY_LEFT: 37,=0A= KEY_UP: 38,=0A= KEY_RIGHT: 39,=0A= KEY_DOWN: 40,=0A= KEY_DELETE: 46,=0A= =0A= element: function(event) {=0A= return event.target || event.srcElement;=0A= },=0A= =0A= isLeftClick: function(event) {=0A= return (((event.which) && (event.which =3D=3D 1)) ||=0A= ((event.button) && (event.button =3D=3D 1)));=0A= },=0A= =0A= pointerX: function(event) {=0A= return event.pageX || (event.clientX +=0A= (document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollLeft));=0A= },=0A= =0A= pointerY: function(event) {=0A= return event.pageY || (event.clientY +=0A= (document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop));=0A= },=0A= =0A= stop: function(event) {=0A= if (event.preventDefault) {=0A= event.preventDefault();=0A= event.stopPropagation();=0A= } else {=0A= event.returnValue =3D false;=0A= event.cancelBubble =3D true;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= // find the first node with the given tagName, starting from the=0A= // node the event was triggered on; traverses the DOM upwards=0A= findElement: function(event, tagName) {=0A= var element =3D Event.element(event);=0A= while (element.parentNode && (!element.tagName ||=0A= (element.tagName.toUpperCase() !=3D tagName.toUpperCase())))=0A= element =3D element.parentNode;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= observers: false,=0A= =0A= _observeAndCache: function(element, name, observer, useCapture) {=0A= if (!this.observers) this.observers =3D [];=0A= if (element.addEventListener) {=0A= this.observers.push([element, name, observer, useCapture]);=0A= element.addEventListener(name, observer, useCapture);=0A= } else if (element.attachEvent) {=0A= this.observers.push([element, name, observer, useCapture]);=0A= element.attachEvent('on' + name, observer);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= unloadCache: function() {=0A= if (!Event.observers) return;=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < Event.observers.length; i++) {=0A= Event.stopObserving.apply(this, Event.observers[i]);=0A= Event.observers[i][0] =3D null;=0A= }=0A= Event.observers =3D false;=0A= },=0A= =0A= observe: function(element, name, observer, useCapture) {=0A= var element =3D $(element);=0A= useCapture =3D useCapture || false;=0A= =0A= if (name =3D=3D 'keypress' &&=0A= (navigator.appVersion.match(/Konqueror|Safari|KHTML/)=0A= || element.attachEvent))=0A= name =3D 'keydown';=0A= =0A= this._observeAndCache(element, name, observer, useCapture);=0A= },=0A= =0A= stopObserving: function(element, name, observer, useCapture) {=0A= var element =3D $(element);=0A= useCapture =3D useCapture || false;=0A= =0A= if (name =3D=3D 'keypress' &&=0A= (navigator.appVersion.match(/Konqueror|Safari|KHTML/)=0A= || element.detachEvent))=0A= name =3D 'keydown';=0A= =0A= if (element.removeEventListener) {=0A= element.removeEventListener(name, observer, useCapture);=0A= } else if (element.detachEvent) {=0A= element.detachEvent('on' + name, observer);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= /* prevent memory leaks in IE */=0A= Event.observe(window, 'unload', Event.unloadCache, false);=0A= var Position =3D {=0A= // set to true if needed, warning: firefox performance problems=0A= // NOT neeeded for page scrolling, only if draggable contained in=0A= // scrollable elements=0A= includeScrollOffsets: false,=0A= =0A= // must be called before calling withinIncludingScrolloffset, every = time the=0A= // page is scrolled=0A= prepare: function() {=0A= this.deltaX =3D window.pageXOffset=0A= || document.documentElement.scrollLeft=0A= || document.body.scrollLeft=0A= || 0;=0A= this.deltaY =3D window.pageYOffset=0A= || document.documentElement.scrollTop=0A= || document.body.scrollTop=0A= || 0;=0A= },=0A= =0A= realOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.scrollTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.scrollLeft || 0;=0A= element =3D element.parentNode;=0A= } while (element);=0A= return [valueL, valueT];=0A= },=0A= =0A= cumulativeOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.offsetTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.offsetLeft || 0;=0A= element =3D element.offsetParent;=0A= } while (element);=0A= return [valueL, valueT];=0A= },=0A= =0A= positionedOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0,